The Land Reforms of the Ottoman Empire

One of the greatest superpowers, existent in the annals of political history has been the Ottoman Empire. At their zenith, the Ottomans, headquartered in their capital of Istanbul, governed with great vigour and writ, a huge chunk of land ranging from sub Saharan Africa in the west to the Persian Gulf in the east including sub autonomous regions of Asia Minor, North Africa, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Nonetheless, like all big guns of modern history, Ottomans met their fate in the first quarter of the 20th Century through a complete downfall. Prior to their dissolution, the ailing Ottomans left no stone unturned in preserving their prestige by initiating a series of reforms starting in the year 1858. Apart from the development of a fleeting parliament on several occasions, a fragile constitution, sultanate-wide network of railroads, aviation squadrons and a national exchequer bound to bankruptcy, the Ottomans applied a well devised, super structured and a magna-carta type land code in 1873, which emancipated after a mega brainstorming of executives from all walks of life. Although, a last ditch attempt by the elite to salvage their kingdom, the land code in reality did not achieve the prime objective to secure the survival of the Empire and in 1923, the Ottomans collapsed to their downfall. Post downfall the lands once ruled by the Ottomans fragmented into various individualist identities; hitherto the Ottoman land code got greater appreciation from continental Europe and her colonial powers, so much so, when Jerusalem fell to the British coinciding with the Balfour declaration in 1917, followed by the Sykes-picot agreement and until the absolute demarcation of the British and the French mandates in the Levant, the land code remained the edifice of land distribution, acquirement and mortgage in these neo-autonomous lands of the breakaway empire. The case of Palestine secured most importance due to the two state solution promulgated by the British since the 1920's. Although, when the British finally departed in 1948, the land code did not get precedence in the erstwhile kingdom of Egypt, nor in the Hashemite Kingdoms of Iraq and Transjordan and neither the affluent regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Syria or Lebanon adopted even a single decree of the land code. To the earnest surprise of the reader, the only country which furthered with this masterpiece of a document was the Jewish entity created in Occupied Palestine. The land code remained the sole bone of contention between the Jewish Population and the Arab-Muslim indigenous populace of Palestine, as both ethnicities garnered support for their rights, causes and survival through the Ottoman code of 1873, albeit, it was the doctrine of precedence. This research paper will hopefully examine the crux of this problem by illustrating the implications, repercussions through the application of the land code and certain key observations in how the paradox of understandings of both rival sides in reclaiming their lost heritage resulted in a major tactic in achievement of a Jewish mandate in the erstwhile Ottoman Palestine.